Afkar Journal: Islamic & Civilization Studies is a versatile publication committed to the scholarly exploration of various dimensions of Islam and the Islamic world. The journal places a particular emphasis on research covering history, geography, political science, economics, anthropology, sociology, law, literature, religion, philosophy, international relations, environmental and developmental issues, as well as ethical considerations in scientific research. Its primary objective is to position Islam and the Islamic tradition at the core of academic investigation, fostering a comprehensive examination of their diverse aspects. Serving as a platform for the academic scrutiny of Islam and Muslim societies in a global context, Afkar Journal seeks to promote interdisciplinary studies of the Islamic world that are both cross-national and comparative. The journal aims to facilitate the dissemination, exchange, and discussion of research findings while encouraging collaboration among scholars from diverse educational traditions.